Die-back of Phragmites australis: influence on the distribution and rate of sediment methanogenesis

Methanogenesis was measured during the summer of 1994, in sediment coresand bulk samples from a Phragmites australis wetland in northern Jutland,Denmark. We compared sediment from healthy reed and dying-back reed, andan open lagoon resulting from die-back. Cores revealed variability withdepth and between sites, with the highest rates coinciding with layers oforganic gyttja, and negligible methane production from the underlying sandbase. Methanogenesis rates in the lagoon and die back sites were higher(up to 100–150 nmol h^-1 g^-1dry wt. sediment) than in the healthy reed (50–80 nmolh^-1 g^-1), with the highest rates being recordedfrom May to July. At these times, methanogenesis was markedly temperature-limited; samples incubated at 30 °C anon-limiting temperature, gave rates as high as 200–400nmol h^-1 g^-1 for the lagoon and die-backareas and 150 nmol h^-1 g^-1 for the healthyarea. Addition of 8 mM acetate and H₂/CO₂headspace suggested that both acetate-fermenting andCO₂-reducing bacteria were present. Acetate additions suggested some co-limitation by substrate availability, with acetate limitation occurring in the healthy site during July and in the die-back site during August. Lower rates during August, especially in the healthy area, were associated with low water levels which resulted in more oxidized sediments. The data reveal highly variable methanogenesis in the sediment which, when considered with sediment depths, indicates that sites of Phragmites die-back have significantly greater rates of anaerobic mineralization than surrounding healthy wetland, and may be intense sources of methane.     

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOUTHERN RIGHT WHALES (EUBALAENA AUSTRALIS) ON THE SOUTH COAST OF SOUTH AFRICA I: BROAD SCALE PATTERNS

Aerial surveys over the last 32 yr have shown that the distribution of southern right whales Eubalaena australis along the south coast of South Africa is markedly discontinuous, but highly predictable. A GIS was used at a variety of scales to investigate whether this pattern was related to environmental characteristics. Whale distribution was analyzed as density per 20-min bin of longitude over two temporal and spatial scales, namely 15 bins for 32 yr, and a wider scale but shorter time period, 23 bins for 19 yr, as well as using three years of GPS accuracy data (15 bins) for finer scale analysis. Environmental factors tested were depth, distance from shore, sea floor slope, protection from swell, protection from wind, and shore type. The majority of whales were concentrated in areas that provided reasonable protection from open ocean swell and seasonal winds, and had sedimentary floors with gentle slopes. They generally avoided exposed rocky shorelines. Cow-calf pairs were found significantly closer to shore and in shallower water than unaccompanied whales, particularly off sandy beaches. Habitat choice at this time of year may be related both to energy conservation for calves and lactating females (calm sea conditions) and to protection of the new-born.     

滨海湿地植物芦苇可培养内生真菌的多样性

内生真菌在植物生长以及抵御环境胁迫过程中起着非常重要的生态作用.本研究从黄河三角洲滨海湿地1350个芦苇组织切片中分离得到318株内生真菌,通过对rDNA ITS的分型、测序及系统进化分析,研究了该地区芦苇植株根、茎、叶中可培养内生真菌的种类组成及在不同盐度、不同组织中的分布情况.根据序列相似性(以98%为阈值),共获得12个真菌分类操作单元(OTUs).在门级分类水平上,子囊菌门为绝对优势菌群, 在各组织和站位中均有分布.芦苇根组织中分离得到的内生真菌OTU数相对较多,叶组织和茎组织中分离到的OTU数相同,且叶中的OTU在根中均存在.潮上区(低盐区)内生真菌OTU数最多,高潮区次之.根中可培养内生真菌的丰富度和多样性指数最高,叶中多样性最低;潮上区丰富度最高,中潮区多样性最高.尽管不同盐度梯度及不同芦苇组织中都有其特异的菌株,但总体看,土壤盐度及不同组织对可培养内生真菌的种类组成的影响并不显著(ANOSIM,P>0.05).链格孢属是所有样品共有的优势菌.     

粤北小皮伞属的种类记述

本文报道了作者1984—1985年自广东北部山区所采集有关小皮伞属16个种,其中1个新种:Marasmius australis Bi et Li,sp.nov,以及11个国内新纪录。并附分种检索表。     

Cryptic lineages and potential introgression in a mixed-ploidy species (Phragmites australis) across temperate China

Polyploidization and hybridization are very common in natural plant species, and mixed-ploidy species provide a unique opportunity to study the effects of evolutionary history, local abundance, and ploidy level on the direction and extent of introgression between intraspecific lineages. First, we delimited two morphologically cryptic lineages of Phragmites australis Trin. ex Steud. in temperate China using 11 nuclear microsatellites and two chloroplast DNA fragments with 225 samples from China as well as 11 samples from Oceania and Europe. Our evidence supported that haplotype O and haplotype P were two relatively independent lineages with low and high ploidy levels, respectively; haplotype M might be ancient and could have undergone a complex evolutionary history. Then we examined the lineage divergence and compared the introgression patterns between two major lineages along geographical and abundance gradients with a large number of samples (n = 1067) collected from China. The sympatric coexistence of two lineages in north and northeast China implies an ongoing or potential introgression between them. Cline analysis showed that the level of genetic admixture were significantly correlated with longitude rather than latitude. Our results also suggested that ploidy level could deeply influence the introgression asymmetry, and the effect of the current local abundance on introgression might be covered by the past coexistence time driven by phylogeographic history. Our study draws a baseline for future research on the ecological and evolutionary consequences of migration and introgression of Chinese P. australis under global change.     

崇明东滩湿地芦苇和互花米草N、P利用策略的生态化学计量学分析

测定了崇明东滩湿地典型植物群落内芦苇和互花米草各器官及土壤中的N、P含量和N∶P,揭示了它们的季节性动态,并对其N、P利用对策进行了生态化学计量学分析.结果表明:两种植物的N、P含量差异显著且芦苇＞互花米草;不同植物以及同一植物不同器官的N、P含量随生长节律发生明显变化;N、P含量的器官分配模式对于芦苇和互花米草均是叶＞茎＞根;两种植物地上部分和地下部分N、P含量5月＞9月＞7月;芦苇N、P积累量＞互花米草;2种植物地上部分N、P含量差异显著;互花米草生境土壤各月份N含量均高于芦苇生境土壤;P含量仅在5月份高于芦苇生境土壤,其它月份均低于芦苇生境土壤.芦苇叶片N含量与生境土壤N含量相关不显著,叶片P含量与土壤P含量显著正相关;互花米草叶片N含量与土壤N含量极显著正相关,叶片P含量与土壤P含量相关不显著.芦苇和互花米草叶片N∶P与土壤N、P含量及N∶P间相关均不显著.芦苇在生长初期和生长末期的N∶P＜14,表明其生长受到N限制;处于生长旺季时,14＜N∶P＜16,表明其受到N、P共同限制.互花米草在各月份的N∶P＜14,说明其主要受到N限制.总体而言,N素是芦苇和互花米草净初级生产力的主要而经常性的限制因子.     

不同程度南方菟丝子寄生对入侵植物三叶鬼针草生长的影响

生物入侵严重影响了生态系统的结构和功能。菟丝子属植物可以有效地抑制入侵植物的生长,恢复本地群落,是一种有效的生物防治剂。本文以本地寄生植物南方菟丝子（Cuscuta australis）和三叶鬼针草（Bidens pilosa L.）为研究对象,采用不同数量的南方菟丝子茎段（长度15cm）寄生入侵植物三叶鬼针草来形成不同的寄生程度（寄生I、II、III分别由1、2、3段南方菟丝子茎段寄生）,分析不同程度的寄生对寄主三叶鬼针草补生长的影响,并探讨寄生植物对寄主补偿生长的诱导。南方菟丝子寄生34d之后,三种程度的寄生均可显著抑制三叶鬼针草生长。寄生III处理组的南方菟丝子生物量显著大于寄生I和寄生Ⅱ处理组。不同寄生强度对三叶鬼针草生长的影响具有一定的差异。寄生II和寄生III的三叶鬼针草叶生物量、茎生物量、地上生物量、地下生物量、总生物量、株高与冠幅均显著低于寄生I,但相互之间不存在显著性差异;寄生II的三叶鬼针草的叶面积、根长和根体积均显著低于寄生I,寄生III的叶面积和根长高于寄生II,但与寄生I及寄生II之间不存显著性差异,寄生III的根体积显著高于寄生II,但与寄生I之间不存在显著性关异。与对照相比,不同程度寄生下三叶鬼针草的NAR和RGR极显著降低。寄生II的三叶鬼针草的RGR显著低于寄生I,寄生III的三叶鬼针草的RGR高于寄生II,但与寄生I及寄生II之间均不存在显著性差异。寄生II与寄生III的三叶鬼针草的NAR显著低于寄生I组,但相互之间不存在显著性差异。除寄生I处理组外,寄生II与寄生III处理导致三叶鬼针草与南方菟丝子的累积生物量均显著低于对照。寄生II处理组的累积生物量要低于寄生I处理组,寄生III处理组的累积生物量要高于寄生II处理组,但显著低于对照组,表明寄生III处理组的三叶鬼针草产生了低补偿生长。由于南方菟丝子寄生显著抑制入侵植物的生物量,因此南方菟丝子仍具有防治入侵植物的潜力。     

莫莫格湿地芦苇对水盐变化的生理生态响应

认识湿地植物对不同水盐环境的生理生态响应特征和规律,是确定湿地生态需水阈值的关键,为湿地生态需水量计算及生态恢复提供科学依据.通过对莫莫格湿地水盐环境因子与芦苇生理生态特征指标进行调查研究,并利用国际通用植被数量分析软件CANOCO4.5对其关系进行了冗余度分析(RDA).结果表明:湿地水深、Na+,HCO(3)含量3个环境因子组合对芦苇生理生态特征变异的解释量达到54.7％,说明这3个变量是影响芦苇生理生态特征变异的重要因子,水深是关键驱动因子.水深与芦苇株高、生物量、叶绿素含量、最大光化学效率Fv/FM以及光化学性能指数PIABS成显著正相关,随着水深的增加,芦苇株高、生物量以及叶绿素含量等逐渐增加.Na+含量、HCO(3)含量与芦苇生理生态特征的相关性没有达到显著水平.因此,中轻度盐碱湿地生态恢复需要重点考虑水深条件对湿地生态的影响,其次是水质( Na+/HCO(3))因素的影响作用,确保适宜生态水位,满足生态恢复需要.     

闽江河口湿地枯落物分解及主要影响因子

以闽江河口湿地挺水植物本地种芦苇和入侵种互花米草的花和叶枯落物为研究对象,采用分解袋法分析其分解过程及主要影响因素.结果表明:立枯分解(0～90 d)是2种湿地盐沼植物重要的分解阶段,芦苇和互花米草的花和叶质量损失率分别为(15.0±3.5)％、(13.3±1.1)％和(31.9±1.1)％、(20.8±1.4)％.倒伏分解阶段(91 ～210 d),芦苇和互花米草的花和叶质量损失率分别为(69.5±0.6)％、(71.5±2.5)％和(76.8±1.9)％、(67.5±2.1)％.在立枯分解阶段,2种挺水植物枯落物的分解速率与C/N呈正相关,与N/P呈负相关,分解过程受到P的限制程度较大.倒伏分解阶段,枯落物C/N、C/P和N/P的影响降低,而大气温湿度、土壤水分、酸碱度、盐度和沉积物特性等的影响加大.不同分解阶段枯落物分解影响因子的差异主要与其所处的微域环境和潮汐因素有关.